Obesity affects which body systems

Physician 89 — Glucose regulation, cognition, and brain MRI in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. Interleukin-1beta and caspase players in the regulation of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Ectopic fat: the potential target for obesity management. Bariatric surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ f—f Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia.

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Epicardial and pericardial fat: close, but very different. Local and systemic effects of the multifaceted epicardial adipose tissue depot. Obesity and inflammation: change in adiponectin, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 after bariatric surgery. Leptin regulation of hippocampal synaptic function in health and disease.

B Biol. Fatty acid sources and their fluxes as they contribute to plasma triglyceride concentrations and fatty liver in humans. Serum amyloid A is found on ApoB-containing lipoproteins in obese humans with diabetes. Obesity 21 — Effect of weight loss on postprandial lipemia and low density lipoprotein receptor binding in overweight men.

Metabolism 52 — Leptin protects the pancreas from damage induced by caerulein overstimulation by modulating cytokine production. Pancreatology 2 89— Role of body fat distribution and the metabolic complications of obesity. Brain inflammation and microglia: facts and misconceptions. Obesity and insulin resistance. A critical period for the trophic actions of leptin on AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal function and blood-brain barrier integrity in the rat.

Alzheimers Dis. The metabolically healthy but obese individual presents a favorable inflammation profile. Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: time for a reevaluation. Diabetes 60 — Protein metabolism in human obesity: a shift in focus from whole-body to skeletal muscle. Obesity 19 — Changes in serum lipids after gastric bypass surgery. Lack of a relationship to weight loss. Adipokines: a link between obesity and dementia? Astrocytes in injury states rapidly produce anti-inflammatory factors and attenuate microglial inflammatory responses.

Obesity and cardiovascular disease: friend or foe? Body weight is regulated by the brain: a link between feeding and emotion. Psychiatry 10 — Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Associations with weight loss and subsequent mortality risk.

Cognitive function in patients with diabetes mellitus: guidance for daily care. Immunohistochemical analysis of tau phosphorylation and astroglial activation with enhanced leptin receptor expression in diet-induced obesity mouse hippocampus. The role of bariatric surgery to treat diabetes: current challenges and perspectives. BMC Endocr. Association of adiponectin mutation with type 2 diabetes: a candidate gene for the insulin resistance syndrome.

Diabetes 51 — Insulin resistance is associated with cognitive decline among older Koreans with normal baseline cognitive function: a prospective community-based cohort study.

Improved glucose tolerance in mice receiving intraperitoneal transplantation of normal fat tissue. Diabetologia 50 — Brain-gut axis and its role in the control of food intake. Adiponectin and resistin in human cerebrospinal fluid and expression of adiponectin receptors in the human hypothalamus. A Biol. Adiponectin stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase in the hypothalamus and increases food intake. Cell Metab. Adiponectin complexes in human cerebrospinal fluid: distinct complex distribution from serum.

Heterogeneity of white adipose tissue: molecular basis and clinical implications. Metabolic Syndrome. Fat mass limits lower-extremity relative strength and maximal walking performance in older women. Ethnic differences in pancreatic fat accumulation and its relationship with other fat depots and inflammatory markers. Diabetes Care 34 — Physical exercise-induced myokines and muscle-adipose tissue crosstalk: a review of current knowledge and the implications for health and metabolic diseases.

Long-term effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men.

Recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy in replacement doses improves insulin resistance and metabolic profile in patients with lipoatrophy and metabolic syndrome induced by the highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Pancreatic steatosis: harbinger of type 2 diabetes in obese rodents. Neuroendocrinology 90 — Adiponectin as a novel determinant of bone mineral density and visceral fat. Bone 33 — Obesity and Brain Function. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Cell Biol. Impairment of long-term potentiation and spatial memory in leptin receptor-deficient rodents. Neuroscience — Association of plasma leptin levels with incident Alzheimer disease and MRI measures of brain aging.

JAMA — Links between ectopic fat and vascular disease in humans. Birth weight, adulthood BMI, and subsequent weight gain in relation to leptin levels in Swedish women. Short-term plasticity of gray matter associated with leptin deficiency and replacement.

Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and power and their association with mobility in recreationally-active older adults in the United Kingdom.

Aging Phys. Quadriceps muscle function characteristics in severely obese and nonobese adolescents. Differences in quadriceps muscle strength and fatigue between lean and obese subjects.

Modulation of hippocampal neural plasticity by glucose-related signaling. Neural Plast. Impact of nutrition and obesity on chronic liver disease. Liver Dis. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Adipokines and liver fibrosis. Effect of leptin replacement on brain structure in genetically leptin-deficient adults. The metabolic syndrome and adipocytokines. Expert Rev. Neuropharmacology — High fat feeding promotes simultaneous decline in insulin sensitivity and cognitive performance in a delayed matching and non-matching to position task.

Brain Res. Increased body mass index is associated with specific regional alterations in brain structure. Impact of diabetes on cognitive function and brain structure. Aging 31 — Inflammatory blockade restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Leptin gene expression in the brain and pituitary gland. Determinants of intramyocellular triglyceride turnover: implications for insulin sensitivity.

Effect of neuroinflammation on synaptic organization and function in the developing brain: implications for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.

Alzheimer-type neuropathological changes in morbidly obese elderly individuals. Deterioration of physical performance and cognitive function in rats with short-term high-fat feeding. Detection of adiponectin in cerebrospinal fluid in humans Downloaded from. Obesity and cognitive decline: role of inflammation and vascular changes.

The role of adipokines in skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin prevents cerebral ischemic injury through endothelial nitric oxide synthase—dependent mechanisms. The role of lifestyle changes in the management of chronic liver disease.

BMC Med. Diet-induced muscle insulin resistance in rats is ameliorated by acute dietary lipid withdrawal or a single bout of exercise: parallel relationship between insulin stimulation of glucose uptake and suppression of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA. Diabetes 46 — Obesity and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prandial increase of leptin in the brain activates spatial learning and memory. Pathophysiology 17 — Neurology 89 — Inflammation in obesity-related disease.

Surgery — Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: Further evidence for an etiologic association. Hepatology 35 — Differential BBB interactions of three ingestive peptides: obestatin, ghrelin, and adiponectin.

Peptides 27 — Brain abnormalities in human obesity: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroimage 31 — Resistin in rodents and humans. Diabetes Metab. Linking resistin, inflammation, and cardiometabolic diseases. Korean J. Long-term central infusion of adiponectin improves energy and glucose homeostasis by decreasing fat storage and suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis without changing food intake. Muscle as a secretory organ. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis.

Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies. Pancreatic steatosis: Is it related to either obesity or diabetes mellitus? Diabetes 5 — Obesity, ectopic fat and cardiac metabolism. Pancreatic ectopic fat is characterized by adipocyte infiltration and altered lipid composition. Obesity 16 — Neck circumference as a novel measure of cardiometabolic risk: the framingham heart study.

Examining the relationship between obesity and cognitive function: a systematic literature review. Diabetes Relat. Psychiatry 67 — Amyloid precursor protein and proinflammatory changes are regulated in brain and adipose tissue in a murine model of high fat diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 7 : e Disruption of neurogenesis by hypothalamic inflammation in obesity or aging. Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight. Metabolic liver disease of obesity and role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Brain structure and obesity. Aging 32 — Glucose peaks and the risk of dementia and year cognitive decline. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. The diabetic brain and cognition. Neural Transm. Muscle strength in obese elderly women: effect of recreational physical activity in a cross-sectional study. Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a community-based sample.

Trial of prevention and reduction of obesity through active living in clinical settings. Isolation and quantitation of adiponectin higher order complexes. Methods Enzymol. Plasma adiponectin and leptin levels, body composition, and glucose utilization in adult women with wide ranges of age and obesity. Diabetes Care 26 — Body mass index over the adult life course and cognition in late midlife: the Whitehall II Cohort Study. Human epicardial adipose tissue: a review.

Role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 13 — Obesity and Co-morbid conditions are associated with specific neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment.

Aging Neurosci. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology — Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes — 5-year outcomes.

Insulin receptor substrate-2 deficiency impairs brain growth and promotes tau phosphorylation. Adipocyte—brain: crosstalk. Results Probl. Cell Differ.

Leptin enhances NMDA receptor function and modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity. The effect of intentional weight loss on all-cause mortality in older adults: results of a randomized controlled weight-loss trial. Hypothalamic substrates of metabolic imprinting. Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population.

Psychiatry 63 — How does diabetes accelerate Alzheimer disease pathology? Obesity trajectories and risk of dementia: 28 years of follow-up in the Whitehall II Study. Alzheimers Dement. Metabolic effects of obesity: a review. Diabetes 1 76— Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in swedish obese subjects. Associations of hip and thigh circumferences independent of waist circumference with the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn study. Larger thigh and hip circumferences are associated with better glucose tolerance: the Hoorn study.

Blood-brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. Intention to lose weight, weight changes, and y mortality in overweight individuals without co-morbidities. PLoS Med. Natural history of morbid obesity without surgical intervention. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans.

Adiponectin does not cross the blood-brain barrier but modifies cytokine expression of brain endothelial cells. Diabetes 55 — Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans. Body-brain connections: the effects of obesity and behavioral interventions on neurocognitive aging. Brain insulin resistance deteriorates cognition by altering the topological features of brain networks.

Neuroimage Clin. A paracrine loop between adipocytes and macrophages aggravates inflammatory changes. Myocardial triglycerides and systolic function in humans: in vivo evaluation by localized proton spectroscopy and cardiac imaging. Regional differences in adipose tissue metabolism in women: minor effect of obesity and body fat distribution. Identification of depot-specific human fat cell progenitors through distinct expression profiles and developmental gene patterns.

Metabolically normal obese people are protected from adverse effects following weight gain. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathology and pathogenesis. Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The impact of obesity on skeletal muscle strength and structure through adolescence to old age. Biogerontology 17 — Central leptin regulation of obesity and fertility.

Autologous subcutaneous adipose tissue transplants improve adipose tissue metabolism and reduce insulin resistance and fatty liver in diet-induced obesity rats. Brown adipose tissue. Adipocyte 1 13— Beneficial effects of subcutaneous fat transplantation on metabolism. Alterations in white matter volume and integrity in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Brain Dis. The impact of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study.

Diabetologia 49 — A 4 year follow-up study of cognitive functioning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 53 58— Effect of weight loss on liver free fatty acid uptake and hepatic insulin resistance.

A two-year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Epidemiology of weight loss in humans with special reference to wasting in the elderly. Weight loss in obese adults 65years and older: a review of the controversy.

Peptides 25 — Serum adiponectin levels, neuroimaging, and cognition in the mayo clinic study of aging. The association of duration of type 2 diabetes with cognitive performance is modulated by long-term glycemic control. Psychiatry 22 — Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later. Neurology 71 — Obesity Prevention Source Menu. Search for:. Obesity and Diabetes The condition most strongly influenced by body weight is type 2 diabetes.

These changes translate into increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death: Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated a direct association between excess body weight and coronary artery disease CAD. The BMI-CAD Collaboration Investigators conducted a meta-analysis of 21 long-term studies that followed more than , participants for an average of 16 years. Study participants who were overweight had a 32 percent higher risk of developing CAD, compared with participants who were at a normal weight; those who were obese had an 81 percent higher risk.

The investigators estimated that the effect of excess weight on blood pressure and blood cholesterol accounts for only about half of the obesity-related increased risk of coronary heart disease. Obesity and Stroke. Ischemic clot-caused stroke and coronary artery disease share many of the same disease processes and risk factors.

A meta-analysis of 25 prospective cohort studies with 2. Overweight increased the risk of ischemic stroke by 22 percent, and obesity increased it by 64 percent. There was no significant relationship between overweight or obesity and hemorrhagic bleeding-caused stroke, however. Obesity and Cardiovascular Death. In a meta-analysis of 26 observational studies that included , men and women, several racial and ethnic groups, and samples from the U.

Women with BMIs of 30 or higher had a 62 percent greater risk of dying early from CAD and also had a 53 percent higher risk of dying early from any type of cardiovascular disease, compared with women who had BMIs in the normal range Men with BMIs of 30 or higher had similarly elevated risks. Obesity, Depression, and Quality of Life The high rates of obesity and depression, and their individual links with cardiovascular disease, have prompted many investigators to explore the relationship between weight and mood.

Obesity and Reproduction Obesity can influence various aspects of reproduction, from sexual activity to conception. Obesity and Other Conditions A number of additional health outcomes have been linked to excess weight.

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Excess body weight and incidence of stroke: meta-analysis of prospective studies with 2 million participants. McGee DL. Body mass index and mortality: a meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies.

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Effect of moderate diet-induced weight loss and weight regain on cardiovascular structure and function. J Am Coll Cardiol. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer. Washington, D. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Depression and obesity: a meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Res. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Arch Gen Psychiatry. Kim D, Kawachi I. Obesity and health-related quality of life. In: Hu FB, ed. What are the different body systems in human body and what are their functions? What major roles does RNA play in the body? Where exactly is DNA found in the body?

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